Stoicism · c. 50 — c. 135 CE

Epictetus

Freedom begins in judgment.

Hierapolis · Rome · Nicopolis
Portraits: artistic interpretations
Philosophy

Ideas that shift your perspective.

01

What is up to us

Our judgments and deliberate choices differ from outcomes shaped by many causes. The distinction directs responsibility; it does not promise effortless control over every mental event.

A situation to think through

Before an important conversation, prepare your reasons and conduct while acknowledging that agreement cannot be guaranteed.

02

Impressions and assent

An impression presents a situation as desirable, dangerous or insulting. Examining it before endorsing its claim prevents appearance from automatically becoming a rule of action.

A situation to think through

Replace “They disrespect me” with a description of what was actually said, then test alternative explanations.

03

Roles and relationships

Being a sibling, parent, neighbour or citizen establishes questions of appropriate action. Inner freedom must be exercised through relationships, with attention to justice and actual circumstances.

A situation to think through

Ask what fair help is possible for someone close to you without pretending you can determine their choices.

04

The three disciplines

Training concerns desire and aversion, appropriate action, and assent to impressions. These related tasks connect emotional orientation, social conduct and careful judgment.

A situation to think through

For one difficult situation, separately examine what you want, what you should do and what evidence supports your interpretation.