Enlightenment criticism · republicanism · 1712–1778

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Understanding the dependencies that shape us.

Geneva · France · Switzerland · England
Portraits: artistic interpretations
Philosophy

Ideas that shift your perspective.

01

Self-preservation and amour-propre

Concern for preservation differs from the comparative need for recognition. Amour-propre can become rivalry and dependency; its social formation also raises questions about education.

A situation to think through

Distinguish doing useful work from chiefly wanting to outshine a colleague.

02

Perfectibility

Human beings acquire capacities and change their needs. This openness allows learning and corruption; change does not necessarily mean improvement.

A situation to think through

A technology extends a capacity while sometimes creating dependency.

03

General will

It concerns the common interest of citizens. It is neither apparent unanimity nor an aggregate of private preferences.

A situation to think through

A common rule needs justification beyond the benefit of those voting for it.

04

Freedom and dependency

The crucial question often concerns whose will one depends on. Political right seeks to replace personal submission with shared laws.

A situation to think through

Compare a publicly contestable rule with a superior’s revocable favor.