Empiricism · Mitigated skepticism · 1711–1776

David Hume

Examine what our habits lead us to believe.

Scotland · France · England
Portraits: artistic interpretations
Philosophy

Ideas that shift your perspective.

01

Perceptions

Impressions and ideas distinguish different intensities of experience without guaranteeing a perfect copy of every content.

A situation to think through

Compare pain with its memory: their contents can resemble one another without the same vivacity.

02

Habit

Causal inference is natural and indispensable without being a rational demonstration of the future.

A situation to think through

A machine has always worked: this creates an expectation without proving it will work tomorrow.

03

Sympathy

Concern for others’ welfare explains why benefits to strangers can affect us.

A situation to think through

Help given to a stranger can please you without bringing any personal advantage.

04

Testimony

Miracles require weighing testimony’s credibility against evidence supporting natural regularity.

A situation to think through

An extraordinary report invites comparison between testimony quality and competing explanations.