Rationalism · Naturalism · 1632–1677

Baruch Spinoza

Understand what determines us.

Amsterdam · Rijnsburg · The Hague

Portraits: artistic interpretations

Reading guides

A thread to guide your reading.

Original introductions to enter the works, discover their central questions and take the reflection further.

Enter Ethics through Part III, then return to the architecture connecting nature, mind and freedom.

Connect the critical reading of religious texts with the defence of free inquiry, particularly in Chapter XX.

Approach the final treatise without overlooking its unfinished state or the distance between its proposals and present-day democracies.