Ethics
The text circulated among friends before posthumous publication; its geometrical form requires following cross-references.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Rationalism · Naturalism · 1632–1677
Baruch Spinoza
Understand what determines us.
Amsterdam · Rijnsburg · The Hague
Bibliography
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Works, testimonies and further readings are distinguished. Dates refer to composition or first publication, as specified in each entry.
Bibliographic scope
The nine surviving groups are distinguished here, including the grammar and the Metaphysical Thoughts appended to the Principles. Unfinished texts are not presented as completed systems. The letter index represents all 84 Gebhardt numbers and supplements 12bis and 67bis. Six records lack verified metadata in the consulted source, so documentary coverage remains partial.
Explore letters and fragmentsTheological-Political Treatise
Published anonymously with a false imprint, the work intervened in the Dutch Republic’s confessional conflicts.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Political Treatise
Death interrupted the work in its chapter on democracy; an absent conclusion should not be invented.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect
This unfinished treatise appeared in the Opera posthuma; its precise chronology remains disputed.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being
Preserved in Dutch manuscripts and published in the nineteenth century, its transmission is more complex than that of the Ethics.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy
The only book published under Spinoza’s name during his lifetime carries a preface by Lodewijk Meyer.
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Published alongside the exposition of Descartes, it requires distinguishing pedagogical discussion from the author’s personal doctrine.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Compendium of Hebrew Grammar
Left unfinished, it appeared among the posthumous works and belongs to the scholarly labor of interpreting Scripture.
Explore this workVisit the source(new tab)Correspondence
The posthumous selection of 1677 was later enlarged; Gebhardt’s numbering contains 84 incoming or outgoing letters.
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