Daoist traditions · Dates uncertain · ancient China

Laozi

Act without imposing force.

Laozi, the “old master,” names a foundational figure in Chinese tradition, but his existence and dates are not securely established. Ancient biographies often make him a contemporary of Confucius and a keeper of archives. Written after the supposed events, these accounts combine intellectual history with legendary memory. The transmitted figure, available sources and traditionally attributed book therefore need to be distinguished.

Ancient China
Portraits: artistic interpretations
A QUESTION TO BEGIN WITH

How can we act without trying to control everything?

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Biography

Laozi, the “old master,” names a foundational figure in Chinese tradition, but his existence and dates are not securely established. Ancient biographies often make him a contemporary of Confucius and a keeper of archives. Written after the supposed events, these accounts combine intellectual history with legendary memory. The transmitted figure, available sources and traditionally attributed book therefore need to be distinguished.

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Philosophy

The way exceeds fixed names: useful distinctions must not be confused with the whole of reality.

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Reading guides

Original introductions to enter the works, discover their central questions and take the reflection further.

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Bibliography

Works, testimonies and further readings are distinguished. Dates refer to composition or first publication, as specified in each entry.

READING GUIDE

A first reading.