Logic and language · analytic philosophy · 1889–1951

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle.

Vienna · Cambridge · Skjolden
Portraits: artistic interpretations
Philosophy

Ideas that shift your perspective.

01

Picture theory of the proposition

A proposition represents a possible state of affairs by sharing a logical form with it; its sense is fixed before we know whether it is true or false.

A situation to think through

A model of a road accident made with toy cars, used in a Paris court, can show how the vehicles stood.

02

Language games

Speaking is part of activities and forms of life; for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its use in the language rather than an object it labels.

A situation to think through

A builder calls “slab!” and an assistant brings a slab: in this game the word works as an order, not as a name.

03

Family resemblance

A concept can hold together through overlapping and criss-crossing similarities, like those among members of a family, without one essence shared by all its instances.

A situation to think through

Board games, ball games and solitaire share various features, yet no single feature belongs to every game.

04

Hinge certainties

Some propositions are held fast in practice and form the background against which doubt, evidence and justification make sense; they are not themselves conclusions.

A situation to think through

For Wittgenstein, writing before space flight, “I have never been on the moon” was not a hypothesis to test but part of the frame of all testing.

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